Linguaphiles

How would a language like Tamarian (central plot point spoiler) (from ST:TNG episode Darmok (spoilers ahoy) work?

It seems to be isolated (metaphorical) concepts-nouns and nothing but. There's no apparent way to express identity between two things or concepts no one has compared before, or describe one in terms of the other if no one has described things or concepts that way already. A Tamarian might be able to express that the sky on their home planet is whatever color it's supposed to be, maybe by saying "ancestors outside, looking up", but put one on Vulcan and they'd have no way that I can think of to tell others about the sky color there once back home.

Similarly but on a larger scale, "Banach and Tarski, their heads together" would say nothing about the ability to assemble two spheres using carefully shaped pieces of one, because any proof of a new theorem in mathematics is connecting concepts and logical relationships between them in a way no one has connected them before. No mathematics means no science and no engineering, thus no space travel.

Also, even if a child managed to learn a basic vocabulary from their parents (and nothing beyond a vocabulary, because there is nothing else in their language), they'd be unable to go beyond that by looking into a dictionary, because dictionaries can't exist. Likewise, no textbooks, hence no public education with one teacher instructing multiple students (even if you reduce teachers to walking, talking dictionaries, which is unrealistic, I think). One-on-one instruction by example, even if theoretically possible, doesn't scale.

Last, communicating new insights to others doesn't seem possible either. "Archimedes, running naked in the streets" might convey you had a stroke of insight about something previously unknown, but good luck sharing the specifics of your insight with others. So discussion and exchange of new ideas would seem to be out. I don't see how a language, a culture, and a society of sentient people can exist with those constraints on exchanging thoughts. That may work for a society of bees, but not for a society of sentient, self-aware beings capable of original thoughts and having to share them widely.

So what's going on there?